1. Expected effect Rough cuts are made to quickly remove most of the excess material, while fine cuts are made to achieve a smooth and precise surface finish with tight tolerances. Step 2: Knives Roughing tools are usually designed to be very robust, with a coarse pitch and a large chute capacity. Finishing tools, on the other hand, require smaller chip slots and finer pitch, allowing them to remove material more slowly and with greater precision. 3. Material removal rate The material removal rate during finishing is usually much slower than during roughing because the priority is precision over speed. 4. Feed and spindle speed During roughing, higher feed rates and lower spindle speeds are used for rapid material removal. In contrast, finishing uses a lower feed rate but a higher spindle speed to ensure precision and accuracy when creating the final surface finish. 
5. Cutting depth A larger depth of cut is used in roughing, which means more material is removed in a single stroke, while finishing involves the use of a smaller depth of cut, which is usually the final stroke before completing the machining operation. 6. Surface treatment Roughing removes excess material quickly by heavy cutting, resulting in a relatively rough surface finish, often with visible tool marks, while finishing employs gentle cutting to leave a smooth, flawless surface. Step 7: Precision Roughing uses roughing tools or tools with large cutting edges and high speed, which are easy to leave poor surface finish. However, by using shallow cuts and small feed rates in finishing, it is able to improve the surface finish of a part or component with higher dimensional accuracy and smaller tolerances. 8. Processing sequence In CNC machining, roughing and finishing are usually performed sequentially to create the final part. Usually, the roughing process is completed before the finishing process.
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